Start-ups need capital to make new investments, but they don't have access to debt capital because of their inability to produce positive cash flows. The economic player who best suits seeds and start-ups financial needs is the Business Angel, a private investor who finance newly constituted...

In this paper we analyze how different types of venture capital investments - private, public and indirect public - affect performance of portfolio companies. We use data on more than 20,000 VC deals in Europe between 2000 and 2018 and we hand collected a unique dataset on the institutional...