Using bootstrap panel analysis, allowing for cross-country correlation, without the need of pre-testing for unit roots, we study the causality between government revenue and spending for the EU in the period 1960-2006. Spend-and-tax causality is found for Italy, France, Spain, Greece, and...

The countries facing fiscal deficit in budget since their origin must have information about reasons for their fiscal deficit. The Information about government expenses and taxes needed especially for fiscal policy makers. The main purpose of this this is to analyze the relationship between...

Natural resource revenues contribute to sustainable development when they are reinvested sufficiently in public services, such as education, that offer long-term social returns. Cross-country evidence suggests that resource-rich countries fail at this, spending less on public services than...