Transportation infrastructure plays an important role in regional economic development both in the stimulation of growth and as a response to output expansion. However, measuring these effects quantitatively has been a challenge due to the complicated impact mechanisms of transportation...

With the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR) has received increasing attention. The corridor connects the PRC and Europe via Central Asian countries. Hence, it plays an important role...