We investigate whether Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) managers actively manipulate performance measures in spite of the strict regulation under the REIT regime. We provide empirical evidence that is consistent with this hypothesis. Specifically, manipulation strategies may rely on the...

A robust assessment of asymmetric dependence is crucial for determining the benefits of diversification associated with including real estate in mixed-asset portfolios, but analysing asymmetric dependence is a complex, multi-dimensional problem. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we identify the...

We explore the interdependence of leverage and debt maturity choices in Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and unregulated listed real estate investment companies in the U.S. for the period 1973-2011. We find that the leverage and maturity choices of all listed real estate firms are...