Shareholder agreements govern the relations among shareholders in privately-held companies, such as joint ventures or venture capital-backed firms. We provide an economic explanation for the use of put and call options, pre-emption rights, catch-up clauses, drag-along rights, demand rights, and...

We incorporate structural modellers into the economy they model. Using the traditional moment-matching method, they ignore policy feedback and estimate parameters using a structural model that treats policy changes as zero probability (or exogenous) "counterfactuals." Estimation bias occurs...

Defined benefit pension plans backed by firms with high R&D expenditures and high land and buildings (L&B) holdings exhibit high private equity and real estate investment, respectively. Within these asset classes, plans with R&D (L&B) intensive sponsoring firms overweigh venture capital...

We analyze the impact of takeover threats on long term relationships between the target owners and other stakeholders. In the absence of takeovers, stakeholders' bargaining power increases their incentive to invest but reduces the owners' incentive to invest. The threat of a takeover that would...

This paper analyzes the interactions between competitive (wholesale) spot, retail, and forward markets and vertical integration in electricity markets. We develop an equilibrium model with producers, retailers, and traders that enables us to quantify the impact of forward markets and vertical...

We examine a general equilibrium dynamic economy in which each firm i) hires a manager who can divert cash flows and ii) can fire him after poor performance, generating costs to both parties.The contract is terminated when the manager's continuation value reaches his compensation at another firm...

Shareholder agreements govern the relations among shareholders in privately-held companies, such as joint ventures or venture capital-backed firms. We provide an economic explanation for the use of put and call options, preemption rights, catch-up clauses, drag-along rights, demand rights,...

Shareholder agreements govern the relations among shareholders in privately-held firms, such as joint ventures or venture capital-backed firms. We provide an explanation for the use of put and call options, tag-along rights, drag-along rights, demand rights, piggy-back rights, and catch-up...

Facing a powerful union enables a firm to obtain more wage flexibility and increases the workers' investment. Hence, when the firm must invest, there are costs and benefits of union power. Under the threat of a takeover cutting the wage bill, the workers' investment is restricted and the...