The authors discuss the ambiguities surrounding allusions often made to global energy governance, focusing mainly on the question of energy transit. They discuss how the issue has been sanctioned in various regimes in international law (including the UN Convention on the Law of the Seas, the...

With the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, the pyramidal design of the international trading system placed multilateralism at the top of the pyramid, regionalism/bilateralism in the middle, and the domestic trade and economic policies of WTO Member States at the bottom of...

This article explains why the WTO and the various agreements that form an integral part of the Agreement establishing the WTO raise problems and challenges for the Court of Justice of the European Communities (ECJ). It focuses on the role of the ECJ in relation to exclusive and shared...

The paper is divided into two parts: Part I explores the problem of the EC in its external trade relations on issues of shared competence with its Member States in a general way, while Part II examines more specifially the EC and mixed agreements from a legal perspective. Here we have analysed...

This article explores emission units as a linkage in climate clubs in the hope of making a remarkable difference in climate change mitigation. It analyzes emission units trading in the context of regional trade agreements as a novel, promising, and effective way to mitigate climate change. It...

This book examines the status of the energy transition in the European Union (EU). It provides a thorough analysis of energy decentralization in the EU. It discusses why it is in the EU's interest to decentralize its energy markets and analyzes the situation in several EU member states. The book...

This paper analyzes the potential of partnerships of the European Union (EU) with two of the so-called BRIC countries, i.e., Brazil and India. The scope of analysis will be the EU vis-a-vis these two countries, using two types of trade liberalization: bilateralism/regionalism and...

This book explores links and synergies between international trade and two of the most urgent challenges of the 21st century: achieving sustainable energy (i.e., energy that is affordable, secure, and clean) and mitigating climate change. It takes the unique approach of not only examining how...

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue to grow in the world. However, something unheard of in the field of climate change mitigation happened in November 2014. The US and China, together responsible for 44% of global GHG emissions, agreed to reduce their GHG emissions as part of the process...

There are difficulties when it comes to developing a single global carbon market with comprehensive coverage of economic sectors and countries. A promising intermediary step between the creation of a global carbon market with comprehensive coverage of economic sectors and countries and the...