Claims by company shareholders seeking damages from governments for so-called "reflective loss" now make up a … substantial part of the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) caseload. (Shareholders' reflective loss is incurred as a result … systems of national corporate law (and other international law). ISDS arbitrators have consistently found that shareholders …

governance quality. We show that when only earnings are disclosed, shareholders intervene in firms with intermediate performance … are jointly disclosed with earnings, shareholders target intermediately and well-performing firms with a high pay …

‘Shareholder rights' are the legal entitlements of shareholders via-a-vis companies in which they invest. A large body … that without accountability, managers and dominant shareholders will use their power to further their own interests at the … rights in ways that can be excessive. This can harm not only other constituencies but also shareholders, as it can promote …