This paper conceptualizes four patent rights stakeholders. These groupings are developed by integrating pre-existing management literature concerning intellectual property appropriability and law and economics literature concerning property rights. The governance mechanisms available to the four...

Alvin Toffler foretold the technological “third wave”, in 1980. We suggest that there is an organizational fourth wave, the spiritually‐based firm. The movement toward spiritualizing the organization has apparently caught on and a number of highly diverse firms are attempting to instill a...