This Article examines a third exit option in venture capital to supplement IPOs and trade sales: secondary markets for the sale of individual ownership interests in start-ups and venture capital (VC) funds. While investors can readily buy shares in publicly-traded companies, until recently they...

This paper explores how the structure of EU non-financial corporation's in terms of size and activity specialisation can influence their financing mix and, particularly, the use of capital markets as a source of funding.Significant differences in the structure and size of firms are observed...

This work studies the extent to which the investments of young high-tech companies in Europe are supported by public venture capital (PVC) financing. We estimate an investment equation derived from a sales accelerator model, and benchmark PVC to the most well-known category of venture capital:...

Are private equity investors able to reduce the overall costs of going public? This hypothesis was tested, for the Italian market, on a sample of 155 Ipos (54 Vb and 101 Nvb) during the period 1999-2007. For each company we estimated the direct and indirect costs of listing. The main results are...

While previous papers have characterized various features of the financial contracts between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists, little is known about how the equity contracts evolve over the life of new ventures. Using the novel data set containing financial contract terms applying to...

The market for entrepreneurial equity finance has significantly evolved over the past decades and has grown ever more complex. Different investor-types, namely the crowd, business angels and venture capitalists contribute to the market, and their characteristics, investment behavior and...

Start-ups are seen as the leading force in dynamically growing economies. Limited financing opportunities often prevent entrepreneurs from realizing their innovative business ideas or taking growth opportunities. However, in the context of the technological revolution, a fundamental change in...

This paper provides theory and evidence relating information asymmetries and agency costs to exit outcomes in venture capital backed entrepreneurial firms. Where venture capitalists are able to better mitigate information asymmetries and agency costs faced by the new owners of the firm, they...

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the contribution of business angels (BAs), defined as wealthy individuals who provide risk capital to entrepreneurial firms without family connections, in Estonia, an emerging country in Eastern Europe. Design/methodology/approach: This study compared the data...

We show that mutual funds report their junior stakes in startups at 43% higher valuation than model fair values that consider multi-tier capital structures of startups. The latest-issued and most senior security is worth 48% per share than junior securities held by mutual funds, implying that...