In this article we chart the development of competition and deregulation of the British retail energy markets, explaining the evolution of competitive constraints when consumers are introduced to supplier choice for the first time. In the context of rising real energy prices for consumers, and...

In a companion note (Antitrust vs. Sector-specific Regulation in Telecom: What Works Best?), we argued that while the full liberalization of telecommunications markets provides scope for relying to a large extent on general antitrust rules and institutions as instruments of economic regulation,...

The economic literature on bundling has made many theoretical advances. However, several omissions reveal themselves. The advances have largely been on the theoretical side. These models contain restrictive assumptions regarding the existence of monopoly in some markets, and the nature of...

Brands and brand management have become a central feature of the modern economy and a staple of business theory and business practice. Contrary to the law’s conception of trademarks, brands are used to indicate far more than source and/or quality. This volume begins the process of broadening...

Future Art. 102 TFEU cases concerning online platforms will require revisiting the process of the market definition in light of the complexities that are likely to arise due to the two- or multi sided nature of such platforms. This distinctive nature will firstly require determining the number...

In 2017, the European Commission prohibited Google from favouring its comparison shopping service within general search results pages. It imposed a fine of US $ 2.73 billion for the committed abuse and a periodic payment penalty for any future non-compliance with the decision. On 10 November...

While the digital revolution has brought massive benefits for consumers and the society at large, the digital economy has seen the rise of a handful of technology firms wielding unprecedented market power. Most jurisdictions have tried to respond to this challenge by having recourse to antitrust...

This chapter analyzes Big Data and Big Data abuses of market power. The chapter provides an overview of developments under both EU and US case law relevant to such abuses as well as some of the economic underpinnings of such an analysis. While there are not many cases specific to this interface,...

With the recent rejection of the last holdout state's objections to the federal settlement in Microsoft IV, the last shoe appears to have dropped in this mammoth litigation. After all the dust had settled, Microsoft had essentially written its own remedy, albeit under considerable pressure. This...

Amazon is the largest e-commerce platform in many nations and its revenues have grown consistently over many years. Although Amazon has been subject to some antitrust investigations, competition law still has not fully grappled with the anticompetitive effects of Amazon’s business model, which...