prohibiting abstention, strategic behavior, and/or coordination may reduce efficiency …

access only to friendly media outlets and denying access to critical ones. While an incumbent prefers positive bias, granting … gatekeeping can induce a quid pro quo relationship: media provides coverage with positive bias in exchange of future access …

We review the theoretical literature on market determinants of media bias. We present a theoretical framework that …

government spending. Our model's structure is adapted from Jack Hirshleifer's (1970) use of the state-preference theory of …' observed bias. Finally, insofar as reward structures are determined by the budget makers' political masters, we would not … discount the possibility that this bias ultimately reflects the interests and preferences of their masters, although the more …

, cantonal fiscal rules tend to mitigate political budget cycles and shock-related deficits. …

per capita in the presence of a shock. We do find a positive relationship between lower chamber size and the first … size and welfare spending. These results are consistent with the interest group theory of government, which states that …

As with the market for goods and services, democratic competition involves political parties offering their services …