rather than its merits. The ultimate shareholder primacy norm is that directors are agents of shareholders, and that … directors are under fundamental obligation to run the company in the interest of the shareholders. This article finds that … directors owed no such legal obligation to shareholders, that the confusion was based on the historical application of …

the maximization of shareholders' wealth as a core element of its identity. Around 60% of mission sentences identify … customers as the main constituencies, while only 10% name shareholders as its central raison d'être. On the case law perspective …

For the greater part of the twentieth century the role of shareholders within the public corporation has been … the shareholders do not wish to be involved with the corporation's management, nor do they gain any benefits from an …-legal obstacles to shareholders' active involvement. Through most of the twentieth century, this contractarian orthodoxy of the rather …

already in place, such as the Shareholders' Rights Directive, the Transparency Directive and the requirement to make a … corporate governance statement available to shareholders. But more needs to be done, and in the 2012 Action Plan the Commission … role in engaging shareholders in corporate governance issues will contribute positively to good corporate governance in …

This Article explores the creation and conundrum of citizen shareholders - investors who enter the securities market …-term goals like retirement. Citizen shareholders are a consequence of a retirement revolution, and are the fastest growing group … of investors. Citizen shareholders are distinguishable from other shareholders on the grounds of choice, exit, and the …

Controlling shareholders often pledge their ownership in the firm to offer collateral for either their personal loans … modification in the payoff structure can influence the incentives of controlling shareholders and have real effects on firm value … ownership of controlling shareholders and destroy firm value. On the contrary, share pledges for firm loans mitigate problems of …