-forcing dual-option contract, the party without the trade action is made residual claimant with regard to the investment action … not attainable but the dual-option contract is still optimal in a wide class of settings. More generally, the paper shows …

price, and then to the retail price. The type of vertical agreement firms contract upon as well as their relative bargaining …

-seller relationship with renegotiation. Our paper provides causal experimental evidence that an initial contract has a highly significant … threatpoints. We compare situations in which an initial contract is renegotiated to strategically equivalent bargaining situations … in which no ex ante contract was written. The ex ante contract causes sellers to ask for markups that are 45 percent …