We examine price pressure in a setting where trades occur because of regulations. Our study of fallen angel bond sales by insurance companies shows that price pressure is not significantly different from zero when information effects are absent. Our results confirm the prediction of several...

We study restructuring by firms whose stock prices experience a sharp decline to a low price level– fallen angels. In response to a price decline, firms can retrench by reducing investments and cutting the workforce, or increase leverage and investments hoping for lottery-like payoffs. We find...

Angel investors invest billions of dollars in thousands of entrepreneurial projects annually, far more than the number of firms that obtain venture capital. Previous research has calculated realized internal rates of return on angel investments, but empirical estimates of expected returns have...

Previous research calculates realized internal rates of return on angel investments but does not estimate expected returns. We present the first estimates of expected returns on angel investments by applying a consistent statistical framework to a new data set. Our sample spans 1972 to 2007 with...

Angel investors invest billions of dollars in thousands of entrepreneurial projects annually, far more than the number of firms that obtain venture capital. Previous research has calculated realized internal rates of return on angel investments, but empirical estimates of expected returns have...

Research on angel investors is sparse because data are sparse. Most comprehensive studies of angel investors have focused on the US and UK. In these studies, definitions of angel investors and estimates of returns on angel investments vary dramatically. What can we make of this wide range of...