In the 1990s, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Costa Rica and Brazil passed dual citizenship laws granting … citizenship rights not only increase the propensity to naturalize but may also promote economic assimilation. The effects of dual … citizenship on improved economic performance, if mediated through naturalization, are consistent with American citizenship …

of citizenship for men, but substantial returns for women. Returns are also larger for more recent immigrants, but … essentially zero for traditional guest workers. For immigrant women, access to citizenship accounts for 70% of the assimilation …