This paper investigates the role of output fluctuations and exchange rate volatility in driving US foreign direct … of foreign investments is higher in booms than in recessions. An increase in exchange rate volatility, on the other hand …

choices matter for output volatility and the medium-term level of inflation. Greater monetary independence is associated with … lower output volatility while greater exchange rate stability implies greater output volatility, which can be mitigated if a … inflation rate. We find that trilemma policy configurations affect output volatility through the investment or trade channel …

the three policy choices matter for output volatility and the medium-term level of inflation. Greater monetary … independence is associated with lower output volatility while greater exchange rate stability implies greater output volatility … external finances affect output volatility through the investment or trade channel depending on the openness of the economies …

policy choices do not matter for per capita economic growth. However, they do matter for output volatility and the medium …-term level of inflation. Greater monetary independence is associated with lower output volatility while greater exchange rate … stability implies greater output volatility, which can be mitigated if a country holds international reserves (IR) at a higher …