During the last 3, 5, 10 and 15 years, the average return of the equity mutual funds in Spain was 600 basis points smaller than the average return of the Spanish Index ITBM. Nevertheless, on December 31, 2006, 348,000 investors in the 120 existing equity mutual funds had 10.7 billion euros. Only...

We compute the Shareholder Value Creation of Banco Popular. The market cap of Banco Popular increased between December 1991 and December 2005 in 14.9 billion euros. The shareholder value creation during this period was 13.4 billion euros. The average shareholder return of Banco Popular in this...

We compute the Shareholder Value Creation of BBVA. The market cap of increased between December 1991 and December 2005 in 61 billion euros. The shareholder value creation during this period was 47.5 billion euros. The average shareholder return of BBVA in this 15 years was 20.1%, higher than...

This paper shows that ten methods on company valuation using cash flow discounting (WACC; equity cash flow; capital cash flow; adjusted present value; residual income; EVA; business's risk-adjusted equity cash flow; business's risk-adjusted free cash flow; risk-free-adjusted equity cash flow; and...

We claim that in a world without leverage cost the relationship between the levered beta (BL) and the unlevered beta (Bu) of a company depends upon the financing strategy. For a company that maintains a fixed book-value leverage ratio, the relationship is Fernandez (2004): BL = Bu + (Bu - Bd) D...

The value of tax shields is the difference between the present values of two different cash flows, each with their own risk: the present value of taxes for the unlevered company and the present value of taxes for the levered company. For constant growth companies, the value of tax shields in a...

This paper addresses the valuation of firms by cash flow discounting. The first part shows that the four most commonly used discounted cash flow valuation methods (free cash flow discounted at the WACC; cash flow for equityholders discounted at the required return to equity; capital cash flow...

Pablo and his wife have five children. As they like traveling by road with the whole family, often including the grandparents, they decided to buy a German van with nine seats. On October 24, 2005, Pablo took the van to the a dealer to have the spare key repaired. But the spare key was not ready...

During the last 5 years (2001-2006), the average return of the pension funds in Spain (2.9%) was lower than the average inflation (3.2%). Nevertheless, on December 31, 2006, 9.9 million investors in the 2,759 existing pension funds had 81 billion euros. Only 6 of the 115 equity pension funds...

During the last 10 years (1997-2006), the average return of the mutual funds in Spain (2.7%) was smaller than the average inflation (2.9%). Nevertheless, on December 31, 2006, 8,819,809 investors in the 2,779 existing mutual funds had 254 billion euros. 246 new mutual funds were launched during...