profits in the form of higher wages and benefits. A threat to this cartel is an employer who wants to bargain with the union …-association employer’s union employees’ interests is not available. In enforcing this scheme a cartel’s primary tactic is the use of “most … scholars, antitrust law is an ineffective tool to remedy union-association cartel behavior. Instead, the Article puts forward …

collusion and merely consumer rents are transferred, or both welfare and consumer rents are reduced. An all-inclusive cartel …

Justice has great latitude in recommending corporate cartel fines to the federal courts, and its recommendations are nearly … direct test of the optimal deterrence theory of antitrust crimes. Regressions are fitted to a sample of the corporations that …-deterrence model is quite good. We find that U.S. corporate cartel fines are strongly directly related to economic injuries from …

This article analyzes the first 22 cartel decisions of the European Commission under its 2006 revised fining Guidelines …. I find that the severity of the cartel fines relative to affected sales is about double that of the fines decided under … the previous 1998 Guidelines. Severity varies only modestly across companies in the same cartel. A large minority of EC …

the predictive power of the optimal deterrence theory of antitrust violations in the EU. In addition, they offer insights … absolute Commission fine. Independent variables fall into four groups: the extent of the cartel’s antitrust injuries; factors … cartel; and controls for time, for changes in EC guidelines, for nationality of the defendant, and for industry …

This paper analyzes the first 13 cartel decisions of the European Commission under its 2006 revised fining guidelines …. I find that the severity of the cartel fines is more than five times higher than those figured under the previous 1998 … rare) examples of supra-deterrence. Nearly all recent cartel decisions reward one or more participant with full or partial …

on average significantly lower in cartel years than in non-cartel years. …

Germany, we study a cartel breakdown to identify the effect of competition on transport distances. Our econometric analyses …

on average significantly lower in cartel years than in non-cartel years. …

antitrust regulation on the endogenous maximal-sustainable cartel price. This impact depends upon industry characteristics … including its cartel culture. Our analysis disentangles the effects of traditional antitrust regulation and the leniency program …