to shocks, the degree of urbanization and specialization. We take the Great Recession, the economic and financial crisis … period, we find that the degree and nature of regional urbanization and specialization are important drivers of the …

The Black Death killed 40% of Europe's population between 1347-1352, making it one of the largest shocks in the history …

theoretical and empirical work. In contrast to earlier research, theoretical studies are often much more strongly focused on real-world … book shows that the European experience provides a rich laboratory of real-world data which still waits to be explored …