. Our evidence, which builds on a database that matches research institutions to a sample of their patent applications …, indicates patent applications to the European Patent Office (EPO) filed by research institutions grew faster than industry … patent applications remains low and their ratio of patents granted to applications is below that of industry. An econometric …

) “patent-paper pairs” methodology. We use this methodology to identify the scientific publications associated with University … patented academic discoveries, citations to licensed patent-linked publications are higher in the three years after the license …