classic model of pure agglomeration, the industrial-complex model, and the social network or club model. The first two of … discusses the significance of the distinction between these models for policymakers. The model of pure agglomeration arises from … information and ideas. Hoover classifies the sources of agglomeration advantages into three groups: internal returns to scale …

argues that there is a strong theoretical interplay between network economies and agglomeration economies. On empirical …