Most research on illicit financial flows (IFFs) has focused on illicit outflows from developing countries and the role of non-state actors in generating IFFs. Less attention has been paid to processes and interfaces through which IFFs enter formal value chains-in effect being 'legalized' before...

Most research on illicit financial flows (IFFs) has focused on illicit outflows from developing countries and the role of non-state actors in generating IFFs. Less attention has been paid to processes and interfaces through which IFFs enter formal value chains-in effect being 'legalized' before...

A significant share of gold from artisanal and small-scale mining is produced informally, negatively impacting human health and the environment. Most of this gold is is traded outside official channels, resulting in illicit financial flows that deprive governments of much-needed revenue, are...