Investment codes are standalone, unified codes with all rules relevant for inward foreign investment. This paper surveys their use and evolution. Investment codes have a two-fold purpose: to encourage foreign investment, and to maintain control over it. They typically reflect a compromise...

Investment arbitration against Central and Central‐Eastern EU Member States is on the rise. A significant number of these claims are brought by EU investors despite the fact that the European Commission has opined that international arbitral tribunals established under these intra‐EU BITs...