Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) was adopted in 1995 as one of the agreements under the World …" (World Trade Organization 2001: paragraph 4). Subsequently, the adoption of the Doha Declaration provided clarity with regard … on TRIPS with an objective of enhancing world's chances for prevention, containment, and treatment of COVID-19. …

All countries need vaccines but not all can produce them. Vaccine production is highly specialised, subject to … markets open by reducing tariffs, streamlining trade-related processes at and behind the border while ensuring better co …, production, distribution and need to expedite international border crossing and transportation (including in the context of the …

, jurisdictions and customs territories continue to apply tariffs of up to 20% on pharmaceuticals and 10% on vaccines (although …This research note attempts to identify major trends in pharmaceutical tariffs since the early 2000s, in particular … average tariff rates and the scale of individual product coverage by tariffs. It concludes by calling for international action …