This paper presents estimates of time-varying income elasticities of demand for energy and metal commodities. The … analysis finds that the elasticities are close to unity, evaluated at world median per capita income levels. Furthermore, the …, estimates for aggregate metals and energy differ by an order of magnitude throughout the income spectrum: from a low of 0.2 for …

markets -- The structure of metal markets and metal prices -- The oil market as a world market -- The gas market as the energy … and real options -- In the energy industry -- Coal, emissions, and weather -- Commodities as a new asset class …

persistence of volatility and the leverage effect across metal markets taking into account the presence of outliers, and second we …