This paper presents an analytical approach for joint planning of pavement maintenance and resurfacing activities that minimizes pavement lifecycle costs, including user, maintenance and resurfacing costs, for an infinite time horizon. The optimization problem is formulated as a nonlinear...

Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to present an optimal economic solution for a different adaptive sampling method that is highly intuitive in its nature: the normal sampling intervals (NSI) method. Design/methodology/approach – Considering costs associated with sampling, false...

The target costing method works “backward” from traditional cost‐plus methods and begins with a targeted sales price for a product. This price is set based on what the customer is willing to pay. It considers not only the preferred current selling price but also the later life cycle...