In this paper we propose a unified framework for testing weak separability. We present a new three-step procedure, which is a joint test of necessary and sufficient conditions that takes account of possible measurement error and incomplete adjustment. We illustrate the operational capability of...

This paper explores empirical linkages between cycles and trends in freight transportation activity and real economic activity in Sweden. It decomposes freight demand into short-term, medium-term, and long-term components, and analyses the differences and similarities of the three time horizons....