Numerous studies investigate which sanctioning institutions prevent cartel formation but little is known as to how … sanctions are effective in hindering cartel formation not only because they introduce a risk of being fined but also by reducing …

innocuous communication and communication about a cartel, sanctioning only the latter. To this aim, we introduce a participant …

on average significantly lower in cartel years than in non-cartel years. …

Germany, we study a cartel breakdown to identify the effect of competition on transport distances. Our econometric analyses …

a lower network price. It is helpful to the development of the whole industry. However, once Cartel is formed, the price … long-time Cartel will reduce the market entrant in electricity generation. Market resources are centralized in the hands of … Cartel, causing a low effective competition in the market, which has passive effects on users. Implications: The empirical …