previous research on the role of central banks as lenders of last resort in crises and on the real effects of bank lending and …

This paper studies the long-run evolution of bank risk and its links to the macroeconomy. Using data for 17 advanced … economies, we show that the riskiness of bank assets declined materially between 1870 and 2016. But even though bank assets have … become safer, the losses on these assets are associated with increasingly large output gaps. Before 1945, bank asset returns …

. These events include financial crises, phenomenal incidents that shock the economic world and pose significant challenges …

bank to nonbank finance, including trade credits and barter trade, generating an externality on banks' interest rates. The …

The factors that determine Indonesian bank risk (especially income volatility) are considered from a longer run …. It is found that higher franchise value (as measured by retail activity) is consistently related to lower bank risk … across all three phases of Indonesian banking. Evidence is found of a U-shaped relationship between bank risk and loan growth …