Technology platform strategies offer a novel way to orchestrate a rich portfolio of contributions made by the many independent actors who form an ecosystem of heterogeneous complementors around a stable platform core. This form of organising has been successfully used in the smartphone, gaming,...

The recent surge of interest in “ecosystems” in strategy research and practice has mainly focused on what ecosystems are and how they operate. We complement this literature by considering when and why ecosystems emerge, and what makes them distinct from other governance forms. We argue that...

1. Currents of environmentalism -- 2. Ecological economics : "taking nature into account" -- 3. Indices of (un) sustainability, and neo-Malthusianism -- 4. Political ecology : the study of ecological distribution conflicts -- 5. Mangroves versus shrimps -- 6. The environmentalism of the poor :...