marginal increase in arrests for an index crime is on average about 1.5-3 times greater than the harm reduction calculated …

target for criminal activities. The paper proposes an information channel through which crime distorts consumption decisions …; this channel is different in nature from the channel whereby crime acts as a direct tax on observable and stealable … consumption goods. More precisely, we argue that, in the presence of crime, individuals reduce their consumption of observable …

The protracted international dispute on currency manipulation has exposed the weakness of the contemporary … on currency manipulation remains questionable and the IMF fails to display authority over the currency regime of its … manipulation as a countervailable subsidy is wrong, this paper demonstrates that a suspected currency manipulation can be and …

Market manipulation is a poorly understood phenomenon, due in part to legal standards that categorize manipulative … paper, we consider a third type of behavior that can trigger a manipulation – uneconomic trading. We demonstrate that … assist this process that describes price-based manipulation as an intentional act (the “trigger”) made to cause a directional …