We model financial innovations such as Exchange-Traded Funds, smart beta products, and many index-based vehicles as composite securities (CSs) that facilitate trading the common factors in assets' liquidation values. Through accessing a larger basket of assets in endogenously chosen proportions,...

Leveraged ETFs provide a convenient mechanism to dynamically change portfolio exposure and can be successfully used to construct robust portfolios that perform well during equity market drops. We start with a classical 60 percent Bonds/ 40 percent Stocks portfolio with monthly rebalancing that...

Leveraged ETFs provide a convenient mechanism to dynamically change portfolio exposure. A classical portfolio insurance strategy of Black-Jones-Perold can be easily implemented with leveraged ETFs. More complex dynamic portfolio strategies that also can be implemented using leveraged ETFs. We...

We overview exchange-traded funds and notes mechanism and market. We consider different classes of ETFs: long, short, unleveraged, leveraged. We show tables and graphs of leveraged and short ETF behaviors for up and down moves for educational purposes. We describe historical behavior of several...

One year after Coronovirus and three years later after initially suggesting them, we revisit the performance of balanced portfolios of leveraged ETFs that we initially suggested in the 2017 paper. Leveraged ETFs provide a convenient mechanism to dynamically change portfolio exposure and can be...

For the DAX index market, this paper analyses the development of return differences between exchange traded funds (ETFs) and the DAX index from the perspective of long-term investors. The newly introduced methodology provides the opportunity to continuously identify long-term costs of passively...

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a sample of natural resources exchange traded funds (ETFs) by applying a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, the generalized proportional distance function (GPDF) in the data envelopment analysis (DEA) context is used for the first...

Despite their incredible popularity and importance to modern capital markets, exchange traded funds (ETFs) are extremely difficult to compare side-by-side. Investors who successfully navigate the initial challenges of product choice overload, and opaque index construction methodology, soon...

We show that highly liquid Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs), especially those that are more liquid than their underlying basket of securities (i.e., positive relative liquidity), are particularly attractive to investors. Using three definitions of liquidity, we find that relative liquidity predicts...

I investigate the relation between exchange-traded fund (ETF) flows and their underlying securities' returns using a unique fund-level database covering U.S. equity ETFs, adjusted for the flow reporting bias. I document price pressure and price reversal patterns in ETF flow-return relation in...