In this paper, we examine whether financial development is an important determinant of bank profitability. Using the robust ordinary least square and the generalized method of moments regression methodology, we find a significant negative relationship between the financial system deposits to GDP...

This paper presents a concise review of the existing digital finance research in the literature, and highlight some of the developments in digital finance around the world. The paper reached several conclusions. Firstly, it showed that digital finance has become an important part of modern...

The emergence of central bank digital currency (CBDC) provides an opportunity for central banks to make an important contribution to the transition to a circular economy. This paper examines the role of a central bank digital currency in the circular economy. Central banks can contribute to the...

Important debates about promoting green finance and its relevance have emerged in policy circles. It poses the sorts of policy questions familiar to environmentalists thinking about sustainability. In this paper, I identify and discuss some policy perspectives in promoting green finance. I show...

Financial inclusion has been a global development policy priority over the last two decades. Financial inclusion involves providing access to basic financial services and the use of basic financial services to improve the welfare of individuals, households and businesses. This paper identifies...

This paper examines how financial inclusion is related to sustainability and the level of sustainable development. I show that granting access to basic formal financial services contributes to greater sustainable development by ensuring that access to finance is guaranteed in a sustainable way,...

This paper presents some policy ideas on how to achieve high levels of financial inclusion. It explores a number of policy options that can be used to achieve greater levels of financial inclusion. The paper argues that high levels of financial inclusion can be achieved by reducing interest rate;...

We investigate whether European banks use commission and fee income to smooth reported earnings or to persistently increase reported earnings as an income-increasing earnings management strategy. We find that European banks use commission and fee income to smooth reported earnings and this...

The paper presents a survey of central bank digital currency (CBDC) adoption in African countries. Secondary data based on desk research were used to conduct the survey. Data for each African country were collected from publicly available information about each country’s interest and efforts...

This study investigates whether social inclusion policies promote financial inclusion. Three social inclusion policies were analyzed: gender equality policies, environmental sustainability policies and social protection policies. The study used the panel fixed effect regression methodology to...