The study finds that households' choice of travel modes in Sao Paulo is not very sensitive to pricing. So, subsidies to less polluting modes can hardly be justified on the basis that they would attract traffic from more polluting modes. Several caveats apply.How would travel demand in Sao Paulo...

Strategies to control air pollution would be altered by redistribution objectives. In an urban program, the emphasis in the control strategy would shift toward services and goods consumed by the rich, including transport. In a program including rural areas, optimal air pollution control would be...

The relationship between particulate air pollution and premature death in Santiago, Chile is found to be very similar to results from industrial countries.Heavy outdoor pollution is found in developing country cities such as Jakarta, Katowice, Mexico City, and Santiago. But most epidemiological...

Is there defensive behavior to prevent diseases such as diarrhea in Jakarta? Yes. And evidence suggests that individual defensive behavior is influenced by exposure to contamination and income and education - as expected. So, given the opportunity and knowledge, individuals try to modify the...

There is a debate among policy analysts about whether fuel taxes alone are the most effective policy to reduce fuel use by motorists, or whether to also use mandatory standards for fuel efficiency. A problem with a policy mandating fuel economy standards is the quot;rebound effect,quot; whereby...

For some time now, CEPS has participated in a project funded by the European Commission called 'Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies: Supporting European Climate Policy' (ADAM). One research stream within the ADAM project focuses on the implications of mitigation and adaptation strategies for...

According to a theoretical model, school autonomy and parental participation in schools, can increase student learning through separate channels. Greater school autonomy increases the rent that can be distributed among stakeholders in the school, while institutions for parental participation...