When ordering food from online platforms, consumers often specify a tip that they will give to delivery workers, in hopes of receiving a fast delivery. Upon completion of the delivery, consumers may be able to reduce their tip if the platform implements an adjustable tipping policy (e.g., Uber...

We consider a supply chain in which an original brand manufacturer (OBM) outsources the production to a contract manufacturer (CM), who encroaches the end-customer market with a competing product. The CM’s production cost can benefit from economies of scale. Both the OBM and the CM sell their...

Problem definition: To guarantee a responsible supply chain, there are governmental regulations or industry standard that suppliers have to adhere to. A supplier is primarily responsible for the cost to follow these standards, and if any violation occurs, the damage cost mostly falls onto the...

In this paper, we consider the scenario where an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) has decided to outsource the production of a critical component. There are two potential suppliers: one of them is an independent supplier, while the other is a manufacturer that sells a competing product. The...

In order to accelerate denoising and improve the denoising performance of the current median filters, an Adaptive Four-dot Median Filter (AFMF) for image restoration is proposed in this article. AFMF is not only very efficient and fast in logic execution, but also it can restore the corrupted...