approaches in domestic courts in advanced economies, an approach rarely taken in analysing investor-state arbitration. The first … the early 19th century with generally strong support for commercial arbitration based on ad hoc fee-based remuneration …; and similarities and differences between commercial arbitration and investment arbitration, focusing how the largely …

arbitration, even where no judgement has been made regarding the application of those laws to the case at hand …

investment treaty arbitration does not support fair and independent adjudication of the boundaries of sovereign authority and of …