The International Investment régime has been transformed to a vibrant and constantly evolving, yet incoherent system. A point of incoherence has been the notion of ‘investment' under the ICSID Convention for which the case-law and doctrine have remained unsettled for long. Some Respondent...

Since the beginning of the decade, international arbitral tribunals have struggled unsuccessfully to define the obligation of “fair and equitable treatment” required by the vast majority of the world's 2,600 bilateral investment treaties (BITs). Although by the end of 2008 more than fifty...

Claims by company shareholders seeking damages from governments for so-called "reflective loss" now make up a substantial part of the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) caseload. (Shareholders' reflective loss is incurred as a result of injury to "their" company, typically a loss in value...

Encyclopedia entry on fair and equitable treatment. Fair and equitable treatment is a legal term of art well known in the field of foreign investment protection. It is a rule of considerable practical importance in dispute settlement on the basis of investment treaties. Judging from publicly...

The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes is an intergovernmental organisation at the core of the system of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). ICSID is busier than ever with the number of cases pending at its historical maximum. However, the legitimacy of the system...

In 2016 and 2017, states continued their engagement with international investment law. A small minority of states displayed scepticism or tried to disengage themselves from their investment law obligations. This chapter addresses select institutional developments in international investment law...

Decisions by arbitral tribunals in investment treaty cases do not have formal precedential status. Yet certain issues recur, and prior decisions at the least provide guidance to later tribunals. The content of the most frequently invoked substantive treaty provisions - the obligations to accord...

This work deals with the question whether an 'EU model' contributing to the development of international investment law may be envisaged. The new competence on FDI conferred to the EU under the Treaty of Lisbon, especially if it is considered in the context of the quot;new regionalismquot;...