Services, which are less traded than goods, rose from 50 percent of world expenditure in 1970 to 80 percent in 2015 …. Such structural change restrained "openness"—the ratio of world trade to world GDP—over this period. We quantify this …

different types of fixed effects to the 2013 and 2016 releases of the World Input-Output Database (WIOD), covering the periods …

Services, which are less traded than goods, rose from 58 percent of world expenditure in 1970 to 79 percent in 2015 … consumption has affected trade. Without structural change, we find that the world trade to GDP ratio would be 15 percentage points … in trade costs, ongoing structural change implies that world trade as a share of GDP would eventually decline. Going …

growth of networks of interdependence within multinational regions of the world. The recent decades arecharacterized by the … fact that the world trade grew faster than world output, which implies that an increasing share of world GDP crosses … economic integration is being created within a few specific regions of the world: Europe, North America and East Asia. …