Politicians differ in their ability to implement some policy. In an election, candidates make commitments regarding the …

. Elections are needed as a carrot and a stick to motivate politicians, yet politicians who are overly interested in re-election …

of politicians to hire relatives increased with the margin of the majority for the incumbent in the previous election …

(1975 - 2009). We find an increase in the growth rate of M1 during election months of about one tenth of a standard … is related to systemic vote buying which requires significant amounts of cash at election times. The finely timed …

candidates by observing their pre-election behavior. Egoistic types may strategically imitate benevolent types in the pre-election … the public sector is effective. We analyze the role of institutions like investigative media and re-election and show that …

facilitate the step into election processes. It also provides evidence to an increasingly contested issue within political …

Previous studies have documented a positive association between election fraud and the intensity of civil conflict. It … paper examines the relationship between election fraud and post-election violence in the 2007 Philippine mayoral elections … elections through fraud. In addition, we show that narrow incumbent victories were associated with an increase in post-election …