Are the costs of discrimination mainly borne by the targeted group or by society? This paper examines both individual and aggregate costs of ethnic discrimination. Studying Germans living in the U.S. during World War I, an event that abruptly downgraded their previously high social standing, we...

A common problem in historical research involves harmonizing geographic units across time or different levels of aggregation. One approach is to use " crosswalks" that associate factors located within one geographic unit to different " reference" units based on relative areas . We develop an...

Research on economic growth suggests that the era of colonization has had an impact on the levels of economic development of countries around the globe. However, why some countries were colonized early, some late, and others not at all, and what effect these differences have had on current...