profit against uncertainty. This paper estimates the firm-level markups and markup volatility to identify the countervailing … market power and stability. Farmer cooperatives in both sectors gain stability in their markups but their markups are lower …

-parametric formulas, we measure how trade modifies the deadweight loss of markups through two channels: (1) trade-induced change in markup …-markup goods. To measure these effects, we estimate firm-level markups globally using demand-based and cost-based methods and … monopoly distortions, reducing the deadweight loss of markups for high-income countries by 15% while increasing it by 44% among …