This paper investigates the determinants of corporate risk taking. Shareholders with substantial equity ownership in a single company may advocate conservative investment policies due to greater exposure to firm risk. Using a large cross-country sample, I find a positive relationship between...

This paper investigates the impact of pyramid ownership structure and multiple controlling shareholders on firm leverage. Pyramids, having at least one controlling shareholder and a subsidiary, rely significantly more on debt financing than non-pyramid firms. Moreover, higher leverage is...

The paper briefly sketches alternative models of dealing with principal-agent problems and compares major characteristics of bank-oriented versus marketoriented systems of corporate governance. The ownership structure in Germany is contrasted with evidence for other industrial countries. This...

This study examines the determinants of CEO compensation using data from a nationally representative sample of privately held U.S. corporations. We find that (i) the pay-size elasticity is much larger for privately held firms than for the publicly traded firms on which previous research has...

This paper proposes that India's caste system and involuntary labor were joint responses by a nonworking landowning class to a low labor/land ratio in which the rules of the caste system supported the institution of involuntary labor. The hypothesis is tested in two ways: longitudinally, with...

Regulating an export firm (or a homogeneous industry) with private information about emission technology is analysed, when the firm, owned partly by foreigners, has an option to bypass domestic regulation through costly relocation. If the firm chooses to relocate, it will set up a new plant in a...

The aim of this study is to depict the ownership and financial structure of Finnish small and medium-sized biotechnology enterprises. Most of the firms are owned by several groups of owners. In small companies the largest share of equity is held by individuals active in the business. Private...

This paper studies whether family businesses (FBs) differ from non-family businesses (non-FBs) in various dimensions of globalization with a representative sample of businesses in Finnish manufacturing and private services. FBs and non-FBs are not so different when it comes to export and...

Tässä raportissa tarkastellaan pääkonttorien sijaintia, yritysten kansainvälistymistä sekä verotusta. Etenkin suomalaiset suuryritykset ovat kansainvälistyneet hyvin pitkälle. Tutkimuksen mukaan yritysten tekemiä ulkomaisia investointeja selittävät etenkin kohdemarkkinoiden koko, ja...

During the last 10 to 15 years the ownership structure of Finnish business has changed in Finland perhaps more profoundly than in any other European country. Since the early 1990s both portfolio investment by foreigners and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) have grown rapidly. Helsinki...