accountability has increased quickly and dramatically since 2017. Second, if the relationship between price stability and climate …The ECB is independent, but it is also accountable to the European parliament (EP). Yet, how the EP has held the ECB … accountability modalities. The paper highlights three findings. First, topics of accountability have changed. Climaterelated …

effects of natural disasters across different countries. A key implication of our findings is that climate change is likely to …

policy strategy has not been matched with enhanced accountability arrangements between the ECB and the European Parliament …A striking asymmetry defines the European Central Bank (ECB)’s approach to democratic accountability. Today’s ECB makes … time, the central bank continues to hew closely to the Treaty’s scarce democratic accountability provisions. In this …

. Second, it is discussed to what extent climate risks play a role in the ECB’s economic analyses and monetary policy measures …. Overall, climate risks should be assessed both as part of the ECB’s macroeconomic and monetary analyses and as part of its …