Since the start of sharp electricity tariff increases in 2008, South African household demand for electricity has not … been significantly affected. However, the combination of economic realities and ongoing electricity tariff increases will … eventually compel households to reduce their electricity usage. This research explores the ability of South African households to …

radical measures, including a gas and electricity price brake announced. Overall, targetting of the measures in favour of … encourage the collective-bargaining parties to limit the pass through of higher current inflation into nominal wages. …

Dutch inflation has risen steeply recently, despite unprecedented cuts in energy taxes and VAT, to a record high of 17 …% in September 2022. Energy has been by far the major driver of the inflation surge, but inflation has been broadening in … 2022, with food price rises above 10% since July and core inflation at 6.0% in September. There is a sizeable difference …

market concentration) with its impact on electricity costs, and the elevated indirect taxes on energy. Inflation has had a …This chapter examines the recent evolution of inflation and its drivers in Greece, as well as the policies undertaken … recovered. As elsewhere in the Euro Area, energy inflation has been the main driver of the Greek headline inflation and we …

French consumer price inflation (as measured by the HICP) rose by 6.2% in September 2022 as compared to September 2021 …, against 10% in the euro area. Inflation rose less rapidly in France than in the euro area primarily due to a less rapid rise … in energy prices: energy prices contributed to raise annual inflation by 1.9 percentage points in France as compared to 4 …

international gas and oil prices, and war in Ukraine) have led to a rise in the inflation rate in Spain since March 2021. This has … been amplified by the functioning of energy markets, especially electricity, and price increases have spread progressively … to other sectors. As a result, the forecast average inflation in 2022 is 8.5%, similar to the Eurozone average. Until …

Italian inflation has risen to 9.4% in September 2022. Energy goods have been the primary driver of the inflation surge … since the fall of 2021, but price increases are now spreading to the whole economy, with 'core' inflation at 5.3%. Since … increases. The gap between nominal wages and inflation have started to widen; in the first nine months of 2022 real wages lost 6 …