This paper explores the regulation and differences between various digital currencies, including cryptocurrency, stablecoin, central bank digital currency, e-money, virtual currency, and in-game currency. The rise of digital currencies has created a complex ecosystem of financial instruments...

Digitalization - the use of data, digital platforms and advanced analytics - has quickly become widespread in today's society. This has introduced new opportunities, but it has also created new barriers and exacerbated existing inequities. This is likewise true in the realm of payments, where...

The eNaira is the central bank digital currency of Nigeria. People who are interested in the eNaira and financial inclusion will seek information about eNaira and financial inclusion. Their interest in information about eNaira and financial inclusion will make it easier for them to adopt the...

We calibrate to the Brazilian economy a model of means of payment choice, where households have different preferences over anonymity. Financial sector is monopolistically competitive and may break the link between borrowing and lending rates. A sufficiently attractive digital currency reduces...

This paper presents a multi-period agent-based model for the study of macro-financial effects related to the introduction of a retail Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). Calibrating it with aggregate statistics of the German retail payment market, we exemplify how the model can be used to...

The bulk of euro-denominated cash is held for store of value purposes, with such holdings sharply increasing in times of high economic uncertainty. We develop a Diamond and Dybvig model with public money as a store of value and heterogeneous beliefs about bank stability that accounts for this...

The bulk of cash is held for store of value purposes, with such holdings sharply increasing in times of high economic uncertainty and only a fraction of the population choosing to hoard cash. We develop a Diamond and Dybvig model with public money as a store of value and heterogeneous beliefs...

IT progress and its application to the financial industry have inspired central banks and academics to reflect about the merits of central bank digital currencies (CBDC) accessible to the broad public. This paper first briefly recalls the advantages that have been associated with CBDC and...

This paper considers the motives, modalities, and possible consequences of central bank digital currency (CBDC) issuance. It starts by drawing a distinction between a wholesale CBDC (WCBDC), accessible only to financial intermediaries, and a retail CBDC (RCBDC), accessible to the general public....

This paper discusses central bank digital currency (CBDC) and its potential impact on the monetary transmission mechanism. We first offer a general definition of CBDC which should make the concept accessible to a wide range of economists and policy practitioners. We then investigate how CBDC...