Blockchain, a distributed and democratically-sustained public register of the transactions of the digital currency "Bitcoin", proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto a pseudonym of a hided developer in 2009, has been the driver of a huge number of initiatives devoted to develop and implement a peer-to-peer...

1. Introduction -- Part I. The Cypherpunk Bible -- 2. In the Beginning -- 3. The Creator -- 4. The Disciples -- 5. he Genesis Block -- Part II. Cryptocurrency Corporatization -- 6. A New Testament -- 7. Public Ledgers, Private Wallets, and Crypto Vulnerabilities -- 8. Bitcoin Goes Corporate --...

Annual electricity consumption for cryptocurrency mining is growing yearly, driven by the increasing difficulty in mining. Total carbon production from mining now likely exceeds that generated by the entire nation of Portugal. This is a feature, not a bug, in cryptocurrencies. This paper...

"The World Health Organization confirmed COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020, causing vast impact on international economy. The coronavirus pandemic has given rise to an unprecedented global health and economic crises. Apart from the toll of early deaths, economic activities have been stalled...