Rapid development of generative artificial intelligence chatbots like ChatGPT is leading search engine providers to move from search to answer engines. Unlike search engines, which provide search results in the form of blue links to content creators, answer engines generate personalised answers...

On November 30, 2010, the European Commission announced that Google is under formal antitrust investigation with regard to an alleged abuse of dominance in the online search market. The main concern of the Commission is whether Google has manipulated its unpaid or “algorithmic” search...

This paper provides an economic and legal theory of harm applicable to the case against Google in Europe over search bias. So far, no clear legal and economic theory has yet been delineated by the European Commission, nor consensus in the literature has emerged with regard to the theory of...

This article provides some initial thoughts on the European Commission's infringement decision in Google Search. Pending a review of the full decision, the article briefly discusses three critical issues that go to the heart of the decision. The article offers thoughts on the abuse, the theory...

Online advertising is what funds free online content. Since its birth in the 1990’s, it has evolved into a multi-billion-dollar industry. At the core of this industry lies the ability to identify and track users through various technical means, such as web cookies. Online tracking for...

This contribution offers a critical socio-legal perspective on the European Commission's Decision in the Google Shopping investigation. In particular, three outstanding issues, concerning Google's data collection, algorithmic transparency and the beneficiaries of the Decision are explored. The...

Proponents of a ‘more economic approach’ (MEA) to EU competition law criticise the case law on abuse of dominance as overly form-based – i.e. as being built on categorizations rather than case-specific assessments of actual competitive effects. While the Commission has largely accepted...