Considerable work has been done to understand and improve the resilience of individual infrastructure components. However, systems of components, or even systems of systems, are far less well understood. Cascade effects, where the loss of one infrastructure affects others, is a major source of...

The Russian-Ukrainian crisis has revitalized the European concerns of supply disruptions of natural gas as experienced in 2006 and 2009. However, the European supply situation, regulation and infrastructure have changed since: imports aremore diversified, EU member states better connected and a...

A lack of well-prepared projects is a major obstacle to infrastructure development in emerging and developing countries, and hence to their general economic development. In Africa, for example, the infrastructure shortfall involves the sacrifice of about 2% of GDP growth per annum. Even a modest...

The Armenian economy has been growing strongly in recent years. The country has successfully implemented a comprehensive stabilisation and a structural reform program in energy sector. Although now Armenia almost completely depends on imported energy. The most domestically produced primary...

Natural gas plays an important role in many European energy systems especially with regard to the envisioned transition towards a less carbon intensive energy supply. Being dependent on imports - especially from Russia - this raises questions about the future development and security of Europe's...