Excessive N deposition to natural ecosystems such as temperate beech forests leads to the conversion of previously N limited forest ecosystems to N saturated systems. The input of N can result in decreased foliar P contents and hence in N induced P deficiency. Furthermore, upon N deposition...

This paper is the first to discuss the design of futures hedging strategies in European natural gas markets (NBP, TTF and Zeebrugge). A common feature of energy prices is that conditional mean and volatility are driven by seasonal trends due to weather, demand, and storage level seasonalities....