Prior studies have found that foreign affiliates of multinational enterprises (MNEs) suffer from liability of foreignness (LOF). Foreign affiliates may be able to improve their social legitimacy and overcome LOF by demonstrating social commitment to host country constituents through corporate...

Service firms such as banks and hotels typically locate multiple foreign affiliates in the same host country. Often, these location patterns occur in waves with early movers followed by latecomers; for example, the early entries of Japanese banks into the U.S. market in the 1970s and 1980s were...